How to Document an Experiment for Reproducibility

Clear, detailed records enable others to repeat your work reliably.

Start each experiment with a concise protocol header that lists the project name, date, researcher, and a brief objective. Include identifiers for any reagents, cell lines, or equipment used, and reference the specific lot numbers or catalog entries. This header provides a quick snapshot for anyone reviewing the record.

Record every step in the order it was performed, using present tense and active voice. Note exact volumes, concentrations, incubation times, temperatures, and any deviations from the standard protocol. When a step involves a choice-such as selecting a buffer pH or a centrifuge speed-explain the rationale so the decision can be understood later.

Capture data in both raw and processed forms. Save instrument output files with descriptive filenames and store them in a structured folder hierarchy that mirrors the experiment date and project code. Summarize key results in tables or graphs, and annotate them with units, error bars, and statistical methods used.

Finally, include a brief reflection on what worked well and what caused trouble. Mention any unexpected observations, failed controls, or troubleshooting steps taken. This narrative helps future users anticipate potential pitfalls and adapt the protocol to their own conditions.

Photo: NASA Goddard Photo and Video (BY) via nasa

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